Jainism: An Overview for Examinations*

Jainism, one of the oldest religions in India, is a rich tapestry of traditions, beliefs, and practices that advocate non-violence and asceticism. It has played an integral role in shaping India's spiritual landscape. For students preparing for exams, understanding the core tenets, historical development, and societal impacts of Jainism can provide a deeper insight into Indian history and culture.

**1. Historical Origins:**

Jainism traces its roots to the Indus Valley Civilization, around the 9th century BCE. However, it formally emerged during the same period as Buddhism, in the 6th century BCE. Its foundational teachings come from the 'Tirthankaras' or spiritual teachers. Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, is the most celebrated and is considered the revitalizer of Jainism.

**2. Core Beliefs:**

- **Ahimsa (Non-violence):** Jains prioritize non-violence, not just in action but in thought and word as well.

- **Anekantavada (Multiplicity of viewpoints):** This principle suggests that truth and reality are perceived differently from various perspectives and no single viewpoint can claim the complete truth.

- **Aparigraha (Non-possession):** Jains believe in leading a life free from attachment and possessiveness.

**3. Sacred Texts:**

The scriptures of Jainism are called 'Agamas'. They contain teachings of Lord Mahavira and were codified by his main disciple, Sudharma Swami. Over time, some sects developed their texts, leading to differences in the canon.

**4. Two Major Sects:**

- **Digambara:** Meaning "sky-clad", monks in this sect do not wear clothes, emphasizing detachment from material possessions.

- **Shvetambara:** Meaning "white-clad", monks in this sect wear white clothes.

**5. Rituals and Practices:**

Jains have distinct rituals like Paryushana (a festival of forgiveness), Samvatsari (a day to seek forgiveness), and fasting. Meditation, temple worship, and pilgrimages are also integral to Jain religious practices.

**6. Influence on Indian Society:**

Jainism's emphasis on non-violence and vegetarianism has deeply influenced Indian dietary habits, art, literature, and philosophy. Jain merchants and bankers have historically played crucial roles in the Indian economy.

**7. Contemporary Relevance:**

In today's world, with increasing violence and materialism, Jainism's principles of non-violence, mutual respect, and simplicity provide a guiding light for a harmonious life.

**Conclusion:**

Jainism, with its profound teachings and enduring traditions, remains relevant today. For students, a study of Jainism offers not just insights into an ancient religion but also principles for a balanced modern life.